{"id":49205,"date":"2021-03-13T19:39:04","date_gmt":"2021-03-13T18:39:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.plongee-plaisir.com\/fr\/?p=49205"},"modified":"2024-02-11T12:02:05","modified_gmt":"2024-02-11T11:02:05","slug":"references-scientifiques-sources","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.plongee-plaisir.com\/fr\/references-scientifiques-sources\/","title":{"rendered":"R\u00e9f\u00e9rences scientifiques, sources"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-normal-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#7d858b\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.plongee-plaisir.com\/fr\/fiches-infos\/\">FICHES INFO<\/a> &gt; PUBLICATIONS, RECHERCHE<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-spacer aligncenter kt-block-spacer-49205_bde688-c9\"><div class=\"kt-block-spacer kt-block-spacer-halign-center\"><hr class=\"kt-divider\"\/><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"references-scientifiques-sources\">R\u00e9f\u00e9rences scientifiques : sources<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dans les livres <em>Plong\u00e9e Plaisir<\/em> nous attachons une attention toute particuli\u00e8re aux sources d&rsquo;information utilis\u00e9es. Celles-ci sont soit indiqu\u00e9es dans une note de bas de page, soit r\u00e9f\u00e9renc\u00e9es par un num\u00e9ro entre crochets (ex. [7]) qui renvoie \u00e0 la liste des r\u00e9f\u00e9rences bibliographiques en fin d&rsquo;ouvrage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">En nous fondant sur les r\u00e9f\u00e9rences mentionn\u00e9es dans les livres <em>Plong\u00e9e Plaisir<\/em>, vous trouverez ci-dessous la liste des principales r\u00e9f\u00e9rences class\u00e9es par th\u00e8me.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-accordion alignnone\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-wrap kt-accordion-id49205_2e21a4-ac kt-accordion-has-19-panes kt-active-pane-0 kt-accordion-block kt-pane-header-alignment-left kt-accodion-icon-style-basic kt-accodion-icon-side-right\" style=\"max-width:none\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-inner-wrap\" data-allow-multiple-open=\"false\" data-start-open=\"none\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-pane kt-accordion-pane kt-accordion-pane-18 kt-pane49205_dac567-4c\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-header-wrap\"><button class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-header kt-acccordion-button-label-show\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title-wrap\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title\">Accidents \u00ab\u00a0imm\u00e9rit\u00e9s\u00a0\u00bb : terminologie obsol\u00e8te<\/span><\/span><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger\"><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel kt-accordion-panel-hidden\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel-inner\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ce terme a \u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9 par T. GODBARGE,&nbsp;<em>Contribution \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9tude des accidents de plong\u00e9e sous-marine. Probl\u00e8me des accidents imm\u00e9rit\u00e9s de d\u00e9compression<\/em>, Th\u00e8se de m\u00e9decine, Amiens, 1979. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La formule \u00ab&nbsp;imm\u00e9rit\u00e9&nbsp;\u00bb est aujourd\u2019hui critiqu\u00e9e, par le c\u00f4t\u00e9 \u00ab&nbsp;in\u00e9luctable&nbsp;\u00bb ou \u00ab&nbsp;par fatalit\u00e9&nbsp;\u00bb qu\u2019elle induit, alors m\u00eame que des r\u00e8gles de pr\u00e9vention existent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Terminologie pr\u00e9f\u00e9rable :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>ADD avec respect du protocole ou malgr\u00e9 le respect du protocole.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>ADD malgr\u00e9 le respect des consignes de l&rsquo;ordinateur de plong\u00e9e.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-pane kt-accordion-pane kt-accordion-pane-1 kt-pane49205_5bc3d3-e1\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-header-wrap\"><button class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-header kt-acccordion-button-label-show\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title-wrap\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title\">Apn\u00e9e apr\u00e8s plong\u00e9e : 6 h<\/span><\/span><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger\"><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel kt-accordion-panel-hidden\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel-inner\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"apnee-apres-plongee-6-h\">Apn\u00e9e apr\u00e8s plong\u00e9e : 6 h<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">BONNIN J.-P. et coll.,&nbsp;<em>La plong\u00e9e sous-marine sportive<\/em>, Masson, 1999, p. 32.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-pane kt-accordion-pane kt-accordion-pane-2 kt-pane49205_22e06b-10\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-header-wrap\"><button class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-header kt-acccordion-button-label-show\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title-wrap\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title\">Azote : gaz en cause dans les accidents de d\u00e9saturation (plong\u00e9es \u00e0 l&rsquo;air)<\/span><\/span><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger\"><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel kt-accordion-panel-hidden\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel-inner\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"azote-gaz-en-cause-dans-les-accidents-de-desaturation-plongees-a-l-air\">Azote : gaz en cause dans les accidents de d\u00e9saturation (plong\u00e9es \u00e0 l&rsquo;air)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">J\u2019ai montr\u00e9 que tous les accidents, depuis les plus faibles jusqu\u2019\u00e0 ceux qui entra\u00eenent une mort soudaine, sont la cons\u00e9quence du d\u00e9gagement des bulles d\u2019azote dans le sang et m\u00eame dans les tissus quand la compression avait dur\u00e9 un temps suffisant.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile\" style=\"grid-template-columns:23% auto\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/www.plongee-plaisir.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/paul_bert-683x1024-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-49462 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.plongee-plaisir.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/paul_bert-683x1024-1.jpg 683w, https:\/\/www.plongee-plaisir.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/paul_bert-683x1024-1-300x450.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.plongee-plaisir.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/paul_bert-683x1024-1-600x900.jpg 600w, https:\/\/www.plongee-plaisir.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/paul_bert-683x1024-1-200x300.jpg 200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">BERT P.,&nbsp;<em>La Pression barom\u00e9trique<\/em>, Masson, 1878, p. 1141 (\u00e9galement : r\u00e9\u00e9dition CNRS, 1979).<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-pane kt-accordion-pane kt-accordion-pane-10 kt-pane49205_898875-66\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-header-wrap\"><button class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-header kt-acccordion-button-label-show\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title-wrap\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title\">Les 10 hypoth\u00e8ses de Haldane<\/span><\/span><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger\"><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel kt-accordion-panel-hidden\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel-inner\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile\" style=\"grid-template-columns:25% auto\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"196\" src=\"https:\/\/www.plongee-plaisir.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Fiches-infos-haldane.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-35160 size-full\"\/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"has-normal-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">De nombreux sites web diffusent des informations approximatives (voire m\u00eame fausses) concernant les hypoth\u00e8ses de Haldane.&nbsp;Afin de clarifier ce point, voici&nbsp;<strong>10 hypoth\u00e8ses<\/strong>&nbsp;retenues par Haldane , avec en r\u00e9f\u00e9rence le num\u00e9ro de page correspondant \u00e0 la publication originale de 1908 dans&nbsp;<em>The Journal of Hygiene<\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:23px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC2167126\/pdf\/jhyg00378-0035.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">A. E. BOYCOTT, G. C. C. DAMANT et J. S. HALDANE,&nbsp;<em>The Journal of Hygiene<\/em>, Cambridge University Press, 1908<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Au niveau des poumons, l\u2019exc\u00e8s d\u2019azote est transmis instantan\u00e9ment au sang (p. 345).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Au niveau des poumons, lors de la d\u00e9compression, \u00e0 chaque cycle circulatoire, le sang transmet instantan\u00e9ment aux poumons la proportion d\u2019azote en exc\u00e8s qu\u2019il contient (p.&nbsp;351).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Au niveau des tissus, l\u2019exc\u00e8s d\u2019azote est transmis instantan\u00e9ment (p.&nbsp;345).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>La pression partielle d\u2019azote dans l\u2019air alv\u00e9olaire est la m\u00eame que dans l\u2019air inspir\u00e9 (p.&nbsp;345).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Les tissus ont tous une constitution similaire \u00e0 celle du sang hormis la graisse, qu\u2019il traite diff\u00e9remment (p.&nbsp;346).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Un cycle circulatoire a lieu en 1 minute (p. 348).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>La courbe de d\u00e9saturation est miroir de la courbe de saturation (p. 350).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Le rapport de pression ne doit pas d\u00e9passer 2 :1 (p. 357). Ce qui correspondrait aujourd\u2019hui \u00e0 fixer un Sc=2. Haldane fixe un Sc unique pour tous les compartiments.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Les ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes de charge et de d\u00e9charge en azote dans le corps humain peuvent se r\u00e9sumer \u00e0 5 compartiments (r\u00e9gions anatomiques factices) dont les p\u00e9riodes (demi-vie) sont&nbsp;: 5, 10, 20, 40 et 75 minutes (p 363).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Le temps de descente est inclus dans le temps de plong\u00e9e (p. 367). La dur\u00e9e d\u2019exposition virtuelle consid\u00e9r\u00e9e est la dur\u00e9e d\u2019exposition fond r\u00e9elle, augment\u00e9e de la moiti\u00e9 du temps de descente (p. 350).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-pane kt-accordion-pane kt-accordion-pane-3 kt-pane49205_ecabd2-95\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-header-wrap\"><button class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-header kt-acccordion-button-label-show\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title-wrap\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title\">Effet \u201cPaul Bert\u201d (neuro-toxicit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;oxyg\u00e8ne) et limites de pressions partielles (Pp)<\/span><\/span><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger\"><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel kt-accordion-panel-hidden\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel-inner\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"effet-paul-bert-neuro-toxicite-de-l-oxygene\">Effet \u201cPaul Bert\u201d (neuro-toxicit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;oxyg\u00e8ne)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Conclusions de Paul Bert : \u00ab\u00a0Les exp\u00e9riences rapport\u00e9es au chapitre I, sous-chapitre II, nous ont amen\u00e9 \u00e0 cette conclusion remarquable, que l&rsquo;air comprim\u00e9, ou, pour parler plus exactement, que l&rsquo;oxyg\u00e8ne arriv\u00e9 \u00e0 un certain degr\u00e9 de tension constitue un agent redoutable, bient\u00f4t m\u00eame mortel, pour la vie animale.\u00a0\u00bb<br><strong>BERT P<\/strong>.,&nbsp;<em>La Pression barom\u00e9trique<\/em>, Masson, 1878, p. 764 (\u00e9galement : r\u00e9\u00e9dition CNRS, 1979).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Facteurs favorisants l&rsquo;hyperoxie tels que l\u2019effort, la fatigue, l\u2019anxi\u00e9t\u00e9, la chaleur ou le froid :<br><strong>BARTH\u00c9L\u00c9MY L<\/strong>. et coll., <em>A comparative study of oxygen toxicity in vertebrates<\/em>, Resp. Physiol. 44: 261-268, 1981.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sensibilit\u00e9 individuelle \u00e0 l\u2019oxyg\u00e8ne, variable d\u2019un jour sur l\u2019autre pour un m\u00eame individu :<br><strong>BROUSSOLE B<\/strong>. et coll., <em>Physiologie et m\u00e9decine de la plong\u00e9e<\/em>, Ellipse, 1992, p. 304.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">VALEURS MAXIMALES (RISQUE D&rsquo;HYPEROXIE EN PLONG\u00c9E)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\" id=\"block-5f0f199a-a54a-4bf0-984a-ddef91a4142c\">\n<li>La valeur de la pression partielle maximale d&rsquo;oxyg\u00e8ne inspir\u00e9 par le plongeur en immersion est limit\u00e9e \u00e0 1 600 hPa (1,6 bar) : <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000019263238\/2008-07-27\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">code du Sport, art. A322-91<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000027691166\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Article R4461-19 du code du Travail <\/a>:<br>Valeur maximale en immersion, pour au plus 3 heures d\u2019exposition : 1, 6 bar  ;<br>Valeur maximale au sec (exemple caisson) : 2,5 bars ;<br>Valeur maximale en cas de recompression d\u2019urgence : 2,8 bars sauf prescription m\u00e9dicale diff\u00e9rente.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">LES 4 PHASES DE LA CRISE D&rsquo;HYPEROXIE<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>BONNIN J.-P. et coll., <em>La plong\u00e9e sous-marine sportive<\/em>, Masson, 1992.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-pane kt-accordion-pane kt-accordion-pane-4 kt-pane49205_acec81-39\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-header-wrap\"><button class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-header kt-acccordion-button-label-show\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title-wrap\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title\">Effort apr\u00e8s plong\u00e9e : 2 \u00e0 4 h<\/span><\/span><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger\"><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel kt-accordion-panel-hidden\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel-inner\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"effort-apres-plongee-2-a-4-h\">Effort apr\u00e8s plong\u00e9e : 2 \u00e0 4 h<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">BONNIN J.-P. et coll.,&nbsp;<em>La plong\u00e9e sous-marine sportive<\/em>, Masson, 1999, p. 32.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-pane kt-accordion-pane kt-accordion-pane-5 kt-pane49205_77ffc6-a3\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-header-wrap\"><button class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-header kt-acccordion-button-label-show\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title-wrap\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title\">Facteur Q ou PrT Index, P(DCS)<\/span><\/span><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger\"><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel kt-accordion-panel-hidden\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel-inner\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"facteur-q\">Facteur Q (Prt index)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00ab On sait depuis quelques ann\u00e9es (&#8230;) que toutes les plong\u00e9es ne comportent pas le m\u00eame risque de produire un ADD. Cette probabilit\u00e9 de faire un accident augmente avec la charge en gaz contenue dans l&rsquo;organisme, en fonction de la profondeur de la plong\u00e9e et du temps pass\u00e9 au fond. \u00c0 une charge en gaz Q (profondeur, en m\u00e8tres, multipli\u00e9e par la racine carr\u00e9e du temps au fond, en minutes), va correspondre un risque d&rsquo;ADD. \u00bb<br>Bernard Gardette, <em>Comex 50 ans de recherches et d&rsquo;innovations<\/em>, 2012, pp. 140-142.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hempleman<sup>1<\/sup> est \u00e0 l&rsquo;origine du facteur Q (approximation, avec un compartiment unique, de la charge en azote en fonction du temps et de la profondeur, permettant d&rsquo;\u00e9valuer le risque d&rsquo;ADD). Voici les r\u00e9f\u00e9rences du texte fondateur :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\"><sup>1 <\/sup>HEMPLEMAN H. V., Crocker W. E. and Taylor H. J.,&nbsp;<em>Investigation into the decompression tables, Report III, Part A: A New Theoretical Basis for the Calculation of Decompression Tables, Part B: A method of calculation decompression stages and the formulation of new diving tables<\/em>, Great Britain, Medical Research Council, Royal Naval Personnel Research Committee, UPS, Rept. R.N.P 52\/708, U.P.S 131, June 1952, 30 pp.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dans les ann\u00e9es 1980, ce sont les travaux de Dr Tom Shields<sup>2 <\/sup>qui ont abouti \u00e0 la notion de \u00ab\u00a0s\u00e9v\u00e9rit\u00e9\u00a0\u00bb de la d\u00e9saturation et ont attribu\u00e9 une probabilit\u00e9 de risque d&rsquo;accident en fonction de la valeur du facteur Q (not\u00e9 \u00ab\u00a0<em>Prt<\/em>\u00a0\u00bb ou \u00ab\u00a0<em>index Prt<\/em>\u00a0\u00bb dans certaines publications).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\"><sup>2<\/sup> Shields, T.G., P.M. Duff, and S.E. Wilcock. 1989. <em>Decompression Sickness from Commercial Offshore Air-Diving Operations on the U.K. Continental Shelf During 1982 to 1988<\/em>. Report produced for Department of Energy (DoE) under Contract #TA\/93\/22\/249. Aberdeen: Robert Gordon&rsquo;s Institute of Technology. &#8211; Connu sous le nom de DOE Report.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-pane kt-accordion-pane kt-accordion-pane-13 kt-pane49205_07cd73-c2\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-header-wrap\"><button class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-header kt-acccordion-button-label-show\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title-wrap\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title\">Fen\u00eatre oxyg\u00e8ne &#8211; D\u00e9saturation isobare.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger\"><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel kt-accordion-panel-hidden\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel-inner\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The term \u00ab\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oxygen_window_in_technical_diving\">oxygen window<\/a>\u00a0\u00bb was first used by Behnke in 1967. Behnke, Albert R (1967).&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/archive.rubicon-foundation.org\/4029\">\u00ab\u00a0The New Thrust Seaward\u00a0\u00bb<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Transcript Third Marine Technology Society Conference<\/em>. San Diego: Marine Technology Society.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-pane kt-accordion-pane kt-accordion-pane-14 kt-pane49205_053e68-38\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-header-wrap\"><button class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-header kt-acccordion-button-label-show\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title-wrap\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title\">Foramen Ovale Perm\u00e9able (FOP)<\/span><\/span><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger\"><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel kt-accordion-panel-hidden\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel-inner\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"foramen-ovale-permeable-fop\">Foramen Ovale Perm\u00e9able (FOP)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Persistence d&rsquo;un FOP chez 25 \u00e0 35 % de la population adulte :<\/strong><br>Bulletin de M\u00e9decine Subaquatique et Hyperbare, <em>Foramen ovale perm\u00e9able et la plong\u00e9e sous-marine<\/em>, 1999, Tome 9, suppl\u00e9ment.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Pr\u00e9dominance de FOP en cas d\u2019accidents de d\u00e9saturation (principalement c\u00e9r\u00e9braux et vestibulaires) avec respect des proc\u00e9dures :<\/strong><br>GRANDJEAN et coll., <em>Foramen ovale perm\u00e9able et accident de d\u00e9compression de cause inconnue<\/em>, dans Bulletin de M\u00e9decine Subaquatique et Hyperbare, 1999, Tome 9, pp. 91-96.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>M\u00e9thodes de d\u00e9tection d&rsquo;un FOP :<\/strong><br>BLATTEAU J.-E. et coll., <em>D\u00e9tection des shunts droite-gauche par echodoppler carotidien: Etude versus ETO, \u00e0 propos de 200 patients<\/em>, dans le Bulletin de M\u00e9decine Subaquatique et Hyperbare, 1999, tome 9, pp. 97-103.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Pas de Valsalva en \u00e9tat de saturation :<\/strong><br>BALLESTRA C. et coll., <em>Intrathoracic pressure changes after Valsalva strain and other maneuvers: implications for divers with patent foramen ovale<\/em>, dans Undersea Hyperb Med 1998 Fall ; 25(3) : 171-4.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-pane kt-accordion-pane kt-accordion-pane-6 kt-pane49205_916530-10\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-header-wrap\"><button class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-header kt-acccordion-button-label-show\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title-wrap\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title\">Huile d\u2019olive pour mieux voir sous l\u2019eau (histoire)<\/span><\/span><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger\"><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel kt-accordion-panel-hidden\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel-inner\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"huile-d-olive-pour-mieux-voir-sous-l-eau-histoire\">Huile d\u2019olive pour mieux voir sous l\u2019eau (histoire)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00c0 mi-chemin entre fait historique et l\u00e9gende, les t\u00e9moignages recueillis depuis Aristote indiquent que \u00ab les plongeurs d\u2019\u00e9ponges s\u2019introduisaient dans la bouche avant de sauter \u00e0 lamer une \u00e9ponge imbib\u00e9e d\u2019huile d\u2019olive \u00bb. Mas\u2019oudi, un \u00e9crivain musulman du Moyen \u00c2ge, ajoute que des p\u00eacheurs se prot\u00e9geaient \u00e9galement les oreilles de la m\u00eame mani\u00e8re.<br>Cette pratique a donn\u00e9 lieu \u00e0 de nombreuses interpr\u00e9tations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pour certains, les \u00e9ponges, une fois imbib\u00e9es d\u2019huile, emprisonnaient dans leurs alv\u00e9oles une petite quantit\u00e9 d\u2019air qui pouvait \u00eatre salvatrice pour l\u2019apn\u00e9iste.<br>Pour d\u2019autres, les plus nombreux, cette th\u00e8se ne tient pas. Ils lui pr\u00e9f\u00e8rent celle des textes arabes \u00ab qui pr\u00e9cisent que l\u2019huile s\u2019\u00e9chappant goutte \u00e0 goutte de la bouche et des oreilles du plongeur remontait en surface o\u00f9 elle s\u2019\u00e9pandait en fine pellicule, cassait la houle et permettait une meilleure p\u00e9n\u00e9tration des rayons du soleil jusqu\u2019\u00e0 l\u2019homme qui peinait au fond \u00bb.<br>\u00ab Les plongeurs expirent une faible partie de l\u2019huile lorsqu\u2019ils sont au fond de la mer, ce qui les \u00e9claire comme une lumi\u00e8re \u00bb, \u00e9crit Mas\u2019oudi. Le Pr. Chouteau, ancien pr\u00e9sident de la Commission Technique Nationale FFESSM, \u00e9minent chercheur, confirme : \u00ab l\u2019indice de r\u00e9fraction se trouvait ainsi modifi\u00e9 au passage de l\u2019huile devant les yeux, assurant la vision sous-marine, comme nos masques actuels \u00bb.<br>Et s\u2019il s\u2019agissait, plus simplement, de se prot\u00e9ger d\u2019\u00e9ventuelles infections en introduisant de l\u2019huile dans le syst\u00e8me nez-gorge-oreilles ?<br>La question reste ouverte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">RIFFAUD C.,&nbsp;<em>La grande aventure des hommes sous la mer<\/em>, Albin Michel, 1988, p. 35.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-pane kt-accordion-pane kt-accordion-pane-16 kt-pane49205_7f5f61-3f\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-header-wrap\"><button class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-header kt-acccordion-button-label-show\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title-wrap\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title\">Intervalle entre 2 plong\u00e9es : 2 \u00e0 3 h<\/span><\/span><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger\"><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel kt-accordion-panel-hidden\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel-inner\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">BONNIN J.-P. et coll.,&nbsp;<em>La plong\u00e9e sous-marine sportive<\/em>, Masson, 1999, p. 32.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-pane kt-accordion-pane kt-accordion-pane-15 kt-pane49205_751b41-67\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-header-wrap\"><button class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-header kt-acccordion-button-label-show\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title-wrap\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title\">Narcose<\/span><\/span><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger\"><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel kt-accordion-panel-hidden\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel-inner\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"narcose\">Narcose<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"historique\">HISTORIQUE<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>PREMI\u00c8RES \u00c9VOCATIONS PAR JUNOD, 25 AO\u00dbT 1834 (ET 1835)<\/strong><br>\u201cLes fonctions intellectuelles sont excit\u00e9es, l\u2019imagination est vive, les pens\u00e9es s\u2019accompagnent d\u2019un charme particulier et, chez quelques personnes, il se manifeste une sorte de d\u00e9lire, d\u2019ivresse ; le syst\u00e8me musculaire partage cet accroissement d\u2019activit\u00e9, les mouvements sont faciles, \u00e9nergiques et semblent plus assur\u00e9s.\u201d<br>Communiqu\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019Acad\u00e9mie des sciences le 25 ao\u00fbt 1834, cit\u00e9 page 327 du&nbsp;<em><a href=\"https:\/\/gallica.bnf.fr\/ark:\/12148\/bpt6k5602730m\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Trait\u00e9 th\u00e9orique et pratique de l\u2019h\u00e9mospasie<\/a><\/em>, publi\u00e9 en 1875.<br><br>ainsi que :<br><br>\u201cAinsi, les fonctions de l\u2019enc\u00e9phale sont activ\u00e9es, l\u2019imagination est vive, les pens\u00e9es s\u2019accompagnent d\u2019un charme particulier, et chez quelques personnes il se manifeste des sympt\u00f4mes d\u2019ivresse.\u201d<br><strong>JUNOD<\/strong>&nbsp;Victor Th\u00e9odore :&nbsp;<em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.biusante.parisdescartes.fr\/histmed\/medica\/cote?90165x1835x09\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Recherche sur les effets physiologiques et th\u00e9rapeutique de la compression et de la rar\u00e9faction de l\u2019air, tant sur le corps que les membres isol\u00e9s<\/a><\/em>, Archives G\u00e9n\u00e9rales de M\u00e9decine, 2e s\u00e9rie, Tome IX, Paris, 1835, p. 160.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>MISE EN \u00c9VIDENCE DU R\u00d4LE DE L\u2019AZOTE PAR BEHNKE<\/strong><br>\u201cThis paper presents a description of the psychic changes in air at 4 atmospheres, and the inference is drawn that the increased partial pression of nitrogen is mainly responsible for the abnormal responses.\u201d<br><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4337274\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Behnke AR, Thompson RM, Motley EP.&nbsp;<em>The psychologic effects from breathing air at 4 atmospheres pressure<\/em>.&nbsp;<em>Am J Physiol.&nbsp;<\/em>1935<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>G\u00c9N\u00c9RALISATION : NARCOSE AUX GAZ INERTES (ET PAS UNIQUEMENT \u00c0 L\u2019AZOTE) PAR BEHNKE ET YARBROUGH<\/strong><br>Behnke, AR; Yarborough, OD (1939).&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152%2Fajplegacy.1939.126.2.409\">\u201cRespiratory resistance, oil-water solubility and mental effects of argon compared with helium and nitrogen\u201d<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>American Journal of Physiology<\/em>.&nbsp;<strong>126<\/strong>&nbsp;(2): 409\u201315.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u201cIVRESSE DES PROFONDEURS\u201d<\/strong><br>Ce terme serait apparu pour la premi\u00e8re fois dans&nbsp;<em>Le Monde du silence<\/em>, de Jacques-Yves Cousteau et Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Dumas.<br>\u00ab J\u2019ai une sensation bizarre de b\u00e9atitude et d\u2019angoisse. Tr\u00e8s vite, je me sens ivre, mes oreilles bourdonnent [\u2026]. Je ballotte dans le courant comme quelqu\u2019un qui titube, j\u2019ai compl\u00e8tement oubli\u00e9 Jacques et ceux de la barque. [\u2026] Le cauchemar est fini. Je remonte joyeusement [\u2026]. Mon ivresse cesse tout de suite, et je suis furieux d\u2019avoir rat\u00e9 cette plong\u00e9e. [\u2026]<br>L&rsquo;ivresse de Dumas, Behnke l&rsquo;avait d\u00e9crite plusieurs ann\u00e9es auparavant, sous le nom de \u00ab\u00a0narcose de l&rsquo;azote\u00a0\u00bb; Mais dans notre France occup\u00e9e, nous n&rsquo;avions pas encore connaissance de ces publications. Pour nous, cette narcose \u00e9tait, et restera, l'\u00a0\u00bbivresse des grandes profondeurs\u00a0\u00bb. \u00bb<br>COUSTEAU J.-Y. et DUMAS J., <em>Le Monde du silence<\/em>, \u00c9ditions de Paris, 1954, p. 37.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:40px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"theories-explicatives\">TH\u00c9ORIES EXPLICATIVES<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Avertissements aux moniteurs<\/strong>&nbsp;:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Pour les plongeurs, encadrants et moniteurs, les th\u00e9ories explicatives ne constituent pas des connaissances op\u00e9rationnelles. Dit autrement, conna\u00eetre les m\u00e9canismes n\u2019apporte rien, sur le terrain, pour pr\u00e9venir les risques. Il faut donc relativiser (r\u00e9duire) la part consacr\u00e9e \u00e0 ces m\u00e9canismes dans notre enseignement.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Veillez \u00e0 ne pas c\u00e9der aux effets de modes en voulant choisir une th\u00e9orie (la derni\u00e8re en date) plut\u00f4t qu\u2019une autre. Par exemple, J.-C. Rostain \u00e9crivait en 2006 dans&nbsp;<em>Physiologie et M\u00e9decine de la Plong\u00e9e<\/em>, p. 319 : \u201cLa th\u00e9orie [lipidique est] la plus g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement admise en mati\u00e8re de narcose\u201d. Puis il a travaill\u00e9 sur une autre th\u00e9orie, dite \u201cprot\u00e9ique\u201d, d\u00e9j\u00e0 \u00e9nonc\u00e9e dans les ann\u00e9es 1960. Ce qui a conduit certains moniteurs \u00e0 enseigner que la th\u00e9orie \u201cprot\u00e9ique\u201d rempla\u00e7ait d\u00e9sormais la th\u00e9orie \u201clipidique\u201d. C&rsquo;est aller trop vite en besogne. Il y a diff\u00e9rentes th\u00e9ories et personne, \u00e0 ce jour, ne peut trancher la question.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Il n\u2019y a&nbsp;<strong>aucune adaptation physiologique \u00e0 la narcose<\/strong>&nbsp;(entretien d\u2019Alain Foret avec J.-C. Rostain, enregistr\u00e9 \u00e0 la Comex, 2012 ). Cela signifie que tous les plongeurs subissent les effets de la narcose mais que la r\u00e9p\u00e9tition et l&rsquo;habitude font mieux g\u00e9rer les situations (m\u00eame ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne qu&rsquo;avec l&rsquo;alcool).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Les scientifiques indiquent que les <strong>premiers effets de la narcose<\/strong> de produisent d\u00e8s 30 m de profondeur. Pour autant, cela ne signifie pas que des \u00ab\u00a0<strong>crises de narcose<\/strong>\u00ab\u00a0, n\u00e9cessitant par exemple de mettre fin \u00e0 la plong\u00e9e et de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 une intervention sur un plongeur en difficult\u00e9s (IPD), puissent se produire d\u00e8s 30 m. L&rsquo;exp\u00e9rience d\u00e9montre bien que ce n&rsquo;est pas le cas. Cela doit inciter les moniteurs \u00e0 distinguer \u00ab\u00a0les premiers effets de la narcose\u00a0\u00bb, d\u00e8s 30 m et les \u00ab\u00a0risques de crise de narcose\u00a0\u00bb qui apparaissent plus <strong>profond<\/strong> et d\u00e9pendent \u00e9galement du <strong>temps<\/strong> de s\u00e9jour en profondeur. Cela doit \u00e9galement nuancer l&rsquo;interpr\u00e9tation des positions de certains organismes qui, au nom du principe de pr\u00e9caution, souhaiteraient interdire la plong\u00e9e \u00e0 l&rsquo;air au-del\u00e0 de 30 ou 40 m. Cela nous semble totalement excessif. Tout d\u00e9pend du type de formation suivie (certains organismes n&rsquo;enseignent pas les techniques de plong\u00e9e et d&rsquo;assistance en plong\u00e9e \u00e0 l&rsquo;air au-del\u00e0 de 30 m), de l&rsquo;exp\u00e9rience des plongeurs et du type de plong\u00e9e (voir le chapitre \u00ab\u00a0Toutes les plong\u00e9es profondes ne se ressemblent pas\u00a0\u00bb de Plong\u00e9e Plaisir 3).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>TH\u00c9ORIE LIPIDIQUE ET EXPANSION MEMBRANAIRE<\/strong>&nbsp;(dite \u201cth\u00e9orie de Meyer-Overton\u201d)<br><em>Selon la th\u00e9orie lipidique, la diffusion de gaz inerte dans la couche lipidique des membranes des cellules nerveuses augmenterait leur volume (gonflement et \u00e9tirement) perturbant ainsi, au-del\u00e0 d\u2019un volume critique, la transmission de l\u2019influx nerveux<\/em>.<ul><li>\u201cLa substance narcosante entre dans une liaison physio-chimiquement l\u00e2che avec les lipides cellulaires vitalement importants, peut-\u00eatre la l\u00e9cithine et ce faisant modifie leurs relations normales avec les autres constituants de la cellule d\u2019o\u00f9 il r\u00e9sulte une inhibition du chimisme de la cellule enti\u00e8re.\u201d&nbsp;<br>Meyer H. Harvey,&nbsp;<em>The theory of narcosis<\/em>, Harvey Lect., 1905.<\/li><\/ul>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Overton CE,&nbsp;<em>Studien \u00fcber die Narkose zugleich ein Beitrag zur allgemeinen Pharmakologie<\/em>, Gustav Fischer, Jena, Switzerland, 1901.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Meyer K. H.,&nbsp;<em><a href=\"https:\/\/pubs.rsc.org\/en\/content\/articlelanding\/1937\/TF\/tf9373301062#!divAbstract\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Contributions to the theory of narcosis<\/a><\/em>, Trans Faraday Soc., 1937.<br><br>Hypoth\u00e8se lipidique dite \u201cmoderne\u201d : l\u2019effet anesth\u00e9sique se produirait par la solubilisation de l\u2019anesth\u00e9sique g\u00e9n\u00e9ral dans la bicouche lipidique, entra\u00eenant une redistribution des pressions lat\u00e9rales de la membrane.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Eckenhoff RG, Tanner JW, Johansson JS,&nbsp;<em>Steric hindrance is not required for n-alkanol cutoff in soluble proteins<\/em>, Mol. Pharmacol., 1999.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cantor RS,&nbsp;<em>The Lateral Pressure Profile in Membranes: A Physical Mechanism of General Anesthesia<\/em>, Biochemistry, 1997.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>TH\u00c9ORIE PROT\u00c9IQUE<\/strong><br><em>Selon la th\u00e9orie prot\u00e9ique, \u00e9nonc\u00e9e dans les ann\u00e9es 1960\/1970, l\u2019azote se fixerait directement sur les prot\u00e9ines de la membrane cellulaire des neurones, perturbant ainsi l\u2019activit\u00e9 d\u2019un messager chimique, le \u00ab GABA \u00bb (en particulier de type \u00ab A \u00bb) et diminuant la production de dopamine (modulateur des sorties motrices et psychiques.) et de glutamate (neurotransmetteur excitateur du SNC) dans certaines parties du cerveau (troubles du canal de l\u2019id\u00e9ation).<\/em>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Miller KW, Paton WD, Smith RA, Smith EB,&nbsp;&nbsp;<em>The pressure reversal of general anesthesia and the critical volume hypothesis<\/em>, Mol. Pharmacol, 1973.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>J.-C. Rostain et N Balon,&nbsp;<em>Recent neurochemical basis of inert gas narcosis and pressure effects<\/em>, Undersea Hyperb Med., May-Jun 2006;33(3):197-204.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Rostain JC, Lavoute C, Risso JJ, Vall\u00e9e N, Weiss M.,&nbsp;<em>A review of recent neurochemical data on inert gas narcosis<\/em>, Undersea Hyperb Med. 2011 Jan-Feb;38(1):49-59.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>TH\u00c9ORIE DES INTERACTIONS ACQUEUSES : LES HYDRATES<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Pauling L.,&nbsp;<em>A molecular theory of anesthesia<\/em>, Science, 1961.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:12px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"pouvoir-narcotique-des-differents-gaz-inertes\">Pouvoir narcotique des diff\u00e9rents gaz inertes<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table alignleft is-style-regular\"><table class=\"has-background has-fixed-layout\" style=\"background-color:#e7f5fe\"><thead><tr><th class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Gaz inerte<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Masse molaire<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Liposolubilit\u00e9<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Pouvoir<br>narcotique<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">He<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">4<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">15<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">0,07<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Ne<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">20,18<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">19<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">0,3<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">H2<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">2<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">50<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">0,6<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">N2<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">28,01<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">67<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">1<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Ar<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">39,94<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">140<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">2,3<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Kr<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">82,8<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">430<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">10<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">N2O<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">44,01<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">1400<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">28,1<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Xe<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">130<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">1700<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">34,5<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Pouvoir narcotique des gaz inertes rapport\u00e9 \u00e0 celui de l\u2019azote.<br>Masse molaire (g\/mol), solubilit\u00e9 dans l\u2019huile \u00e0 37\u00b0 et \u00e0 pression atmosph\u00e9rique (ml\/l).<br>Le pouvoir narcotique est uniquement corr\u00e9l\u00e9 \u00e0 la solubilit\u00e9 du gaz inerte dans l\u2019huile.<br>Le protoxyde d\u2019azote (N2O) et le Xenon (Xe), tr\u00e8s solubles dans la bicouche lipidique,<br>sont d\u00e9j\u00e0 narcotiques \u00e0 pression atmosph\u00e9rique.<br>Source : <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ecole-valdegrace.sante.defense.gouv.fr\/content\/download\/5504\/68195\/file\/13%20Risso%20JJ.%20Narcose%20aux%20gaz%20inertes-%20risque%20cognitif%20.%20Medecine%20et%20Armees%202015-95-100.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Risso et coll., <em>M\u00e9decine et arm\u00e9es<\/em>, 2015, 43, 1, 95-100<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:22px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-pane kt-accordion-pane kt-accordion-pane-17 kt-pane49205_b06e78-a8\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-header-wrap\"><button class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-header kt-acccordion-button-label-show\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title-wrap\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title\">Masse volumique maximale du m\u00e9lange respiratoire <\/span><\/span><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger\"><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel kt-accordion-panel-hidden\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel-inner\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Le code du sport ne pr\u00e9cise rien sur ce sujet mais le code du travail, qui s&rsquo;appuie sur de nombreuses \u00e9tudes faites sur le sujet indique que, pour les plong\u00e9es \u00e0 circuit ouvert, \u00ab\u00a0la masse volumique d&rsquo;un m\u00e9lange respiratoire ne doit pas exc\u00e9der 9 grammes par litre \u00e0 la pression d&rsquo;utilisation\u00a0\u00bb &nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000042634989\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Art. R4461-17<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La masse volumique de l&rsquo;air \u00e9tant de 1,292 g par litre en surface, la profondeur maximale d&rsquo;\u00e9volution est de 60 m selon ce crit\u00e8re (1,292 x 7 = 9,044).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La profondeur maximale d&rsquo;\u00e9volution par le crit\u00e8re de la pression partielle d&rsquo;azote (PpN<sub>2<\/sub>) donne le m\u00eame r\u00e9sultat : 60 m, soit 5,6 bars de PpN<sub>2<\/sub>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pour les plong\u00e9es \u00e0 l&rsquo;air, ce n&rsquo;est pas la toxicit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;oxyg\u00e8ne qui fixe la profondeur maximale d&rsquo;\u00e9volution (elle serait sup\u00e9rieure \u00e0 60 m pour une PpO<sub>2<\/sub> max de 1,6 bar).<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-pane kt-accordion-pane kt-accordion-pane-8 kt-pane49205_fa5dbc-96\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-header-wrap\"><button class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-header kt-acccordion-button-label-show\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title-wrap\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title\">Paliers profonds : dangereux (\u00e0 l\u2019air)<\/span><\/span><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger\"><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel kt-accordion-panel-hidden\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel-inner\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"paliers-profonds-dangereux-a-l-air\">Paliers profonds : dangereux (\u00e0 l\u2019air)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Article fondateur, Marine nationale, 2005<\/strong><br>Blatteau J.-E., Hugon M., Gardette B., Galland F.-M.,&nbsp;<em>Protocoles de d\u00e9compression pour la plong\u00e9e \u00e0 l\u2019air int\u00e9grant des paliers profond<\/em>s, Bulletin de m\u00e9decine subaquatique et hyperbare, 2005,&nbsp;pp 85-91. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.plongee-plaisir.com\/fr\/download\/25078\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">T\u00e9l\u00e9charger la publication<\/a>&nbsp;(Avec la permission de MedSubHyp \u2013 Courtesy MedSubHyp \u2013 Pr Jacques Regnard Pr\u00e9sident)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Confirmation par l&rsquo;US-Navy, 2011<\/strong><br>Doolette D.J. ; Gerth W.A. ; Gault K.A.,&nbsp;<em>Redistribution of decompression stop time from shallow to deep stops increases incidence of decompression sickness in air decompression dives<\/em>, Navy Experimental Diving Unit (NEDU), 2011. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.plongee-plaisir.com\/fr\/download\/23136\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">T\u00e9l\u00e9charger la publication<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Invalidation de l&rsquo;approche de DAN, qui pr\u00e9tendait que le risque n&rsquo;existait pas \u00e0 de faibles profondeurs<\/strong><br>Nico A.M. Schellart, Jan-Jaap Brandt Corstius, Peter Germonpr\u00e9, and Wouter Sterk,&nbsp;<em>Bubble Formation After a 20-m Dive: Deep-Stop vs. Shallow-Stop Decompression Profiles<\/em>,&nbsp;Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine x Vol. 79, No. 5 x May 2008. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.diveresearch.org\/download\/Publicaties\/1.%20Artikelen\/Bubble%20formation%20+%20watermerk.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">T\u00e9l\u00e9charger la publication<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>PADI : les paliers profonds \u00e0 l\u2019air comme aux m\u00e9langes ne doivent \u00eatre ni enseign\u00e9s ni pratiqu\u00e9s<\/strong>. <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/tecrec.padi.com\/2019\/04\/22\/evolving-thought-on-deep-decompression-stops\/\" target=\"_blank\">T\u00e9l\u00e9charger la publication<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Voir \u00e9galement la&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.plongee-plaisir.com\/fr\/paliers-profonds-point-question\/\">Fiche Info Plong\u00e9e Plaisir sur le sujet<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-pane kt-accordion-pane kt-accordion-pane-9 kt-pane49205_0b68aa-fe\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-header-wrap\"><button class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-header kt-acccordion-button-label-show\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title-wrap\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title\">Risques d&rsquo;accident en plong\u00e9e de loisir : 1 \u00e0 5 pour 10\u00a0000<\/span><\/span><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger\"><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel kt-accordion-panel-hidden\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel-inner\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"risques-d-accident-en-plongee-de-loisir-1-pour-10-000\">Risques d&rsquo;accident en plong\u00e9e de loisir : 1 \u00e0 5pour 10\u00a0000<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.medsubhyp.fr\/images\/consensus_bonnes_pratiques_reglementation\/Sant-au-travail-des-travailleurs-hyperbares-2018-v2.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Jean-Louis MELIET, coordinateur,\u00a0<em>Prise en charge en sant\u00e9 au travail des salari\u00e9s intervenant en conditions hyperbares<\/em>, MedSubHyp et SFMT, 2018, p.20.<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:12px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ainsi que :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Peter B. BENNETT,&nbsp;<em>Epidemiology of decompression illness and fatalities in recreational divers, in Proceeding of the 1st european consensus conference on hyperbaric medicine<\/em>, Lille, septembre 1994 ; 28 \u2013 34.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Enqu\u00eate CROSSMED, 2003.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>BLATTEAU J.-E., GUIGUES J.-M., HUGON M., GALLAND -F.-M.,&nbsp;<em>Bilan de 12 ann\u00e9es d\u2019utilisation de la table MN 90 par la Marine nationale. Analyse r\u00e9trospective de 61 accidents de d\u00e9saturation<\/em>, MedSubHyp ; communication pr\u00e9sent\u00e9e lors de la r\u00e9union scientifique d\u2019automne de septembre 2004.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>B. GRANDJEAN,&nbsp;<em>\u00c9pid\u00e9miologie des accidents de la plong\u00e9e sous-marine autonome de loisir<\/em>, in Trait\u00e9 de m\u00e9decine hyperbare, Ellipse \u00e9ditions 2002 ; 153 \u2013 159.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-pane kt-accordion-pane kt-accordion-pane-7 kt-pane49205_a36438-18\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-header-wrap\"><button class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-header kt-acccordion-button-label-show\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title-wrap\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title\">Le surpoids favorise les accidents de d\u00e9saturation<\/span><\/span><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger\"><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel kt-accordion-panel-hidden\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel-inner\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"le-surpoids-favorise-les-accidents-de-desaturation\">Le surpoids favorise les accidents de d\u00e9saturation<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Collectif,&nbsp;<em>Comex 50 ans de recherches et d\u2019innovations<\/em>, 2012, pp. 140-142<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>BONNIN J.-P. et coll.,&nbsp;<em>La plong\u00e9e sous-marine sportive<\/em>, Masson, 2003, p. 20.<br><em>Chez un sujet gras, les lipides circulants et le cholest\u00e9rol se fixent davantage autour des bulles augmentant les agr\u00e9gats en volume<\/em>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>HALDANE J. S.,&nbsp;<em>Journal of hygiene<\/em>, 1908, p. 368.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Carturan D, Boussuges A, Burnet H, Fondarai J, Vanuxem P, Gardette B,&nbsp;<em>Circulating venous bubbles in recreational diving: relationships with age, weight, maximal oxygen uptake and body fat percentage<\/em>, Int J Sports Med 1999 Aug;20(6):410-4, Facult\u00e9 des Sciences du Sport, Luminy, Marseille, France.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Dembert ML, Jekel JF, Mooney LW,&nbsp;<em>Health risk factors for the development of decompression sickness among U.S. Navy divers<\/em>, Undersea Biomed Res 1984 Dec;11(4):395-406&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Dembert ML, Jekel JF, Mooney LW,&nbsp;<em>Weight\/height indices and percent body fat among U.S. Navy divers<\/em>, Aviat Space Environ Med 1984 May;55(5):391-5.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-pane kt-accordion-pane kt-accordion-pane-11 kt-pane49205_8eed5f-30\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-header-wrap\"><button class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-header kt-acccordion-button-label-show\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title-wrap\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title\">Vitesse de remont\u00e9e : 10 m\/min<\/span><\/span><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger\"><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel kt-accordion-panel-hidden\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel-inner\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"vitesse-de-remontee-10-m-min\">Vitesse de remont\u00e9e : 10 m\/min<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Au niveau international, la \u00ab\u00a0bonne\u00a0\u00bb vitesse de remont\u00e9e en plong\u00e9e de loisir est aujourd&rsquo;hui reconnue quasiment unanimement comme \u00e9tant de l&rsquo;ordre de 10 m\/min (9 \u00e0 12 m\/min). La question ne fait plus d\u00e9bat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cela a eu pour cons\u00e9quences de modifier la <a href=\"https:\/\/www.plongee-plaisir.com\/fr\/download\/23375\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">vitesse de remont\u00e9e des tables US-Navy (1993, passage de 18 m\/min \u00e0 10 m\/min)<\/a> et de modifier la vitesse de remont\u00e9e maximale de la plupart des mod\u00e8les d&rsquo;ordinateurs de plong\u00e9e. Cela s&rsquo;est fait progressivement, au cours des 30 derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es (par exemple, la vitesse de remont\u00e9e maximale du Galileo 2 &#8211; G2 &#8211; de Scubapro est d\u00e9sormais fix\u00e9e \u00e0 10 m\/min contre 20 m\/min pour les pr\u00e9c\u00e9dents mod\u00e8les).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La publication fondatrice est celle cit\u00e9e ci-dessous.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/medschool.ucsd.edu\/som\/emergency-med\/divisions\/dive\/Documents\/Biomechanics%20of%20Safe%20Ascents%20Proceedings%201990.compressed.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Lang MA, Egstrom GH, eds.&nbsp;<em>Biomechanics of Safe Ascents Workshop<\/em>. AAUSDSP-BSA-01090, Costa Mesa, CA: American Academy of Underwater Sciences, 1990<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Voir \u00e9galement la <a href=\"https:\/\/www.plongee-plaisir.com\/fr\/vitesse-de-remontee\/\">Fiche Info Plong\u00e9e Plaisir sur la vitesse de remont\u00e9e<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-pane kt-accordion-pane kt-accordion-pane-19 kt-pane49205_3b6f82-78\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-header-wrap\"><button class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-header kt-acccordion-button-label-show\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title-wrap\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title\">Oxyg\u00e8ne &#8211; UPTD<\/span><\/span><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger\"><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel kt-accordion-panel-hidden\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel-inner\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bardin H, Lambertson CJ. <em>A quantitative method for calculating cumulative pulmonary oxygen toxicity use of the unit pulmonary toxicity dose<\/em> (UPTD).&nbsp;University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Institute for Environmental Medicine report, 1970.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:16px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00a9 Extrait des&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.plongee-plaisir.com\/fr\/livres-plongee\/\">livres Plong\u00e9e Plaisir<\/a>&nbsp;par Alain Foret aux Editions GAP.<br>Toute reproduction interdite sur quelque support que ce soit sans accord \u00e9crit de l\u2019\u00e9diteur et de l\u2019auteur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignleft size-large is-resized is-style-default\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"102\" height=\"102\" src=\"https:\/\/www.plongee-plaisir.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/carre.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-48240\" style=\"width:30px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.plongee-plaisir.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/carre.jpg 102w, https:\/\/www.plongee-plaisir.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/carre-100x100.jpg 100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 102px) 100vw, 102px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n<style class=\"advgb-styles-renderer\">.wp-block-kadence-spacer.kt-block-spacer-49205_bde688-c9 .kt-block-spacer{height:17px;}.wp-block-kadence-spacer.kt-block-spacer-49205_bde688-c9 .kt-divider{border-top-width:10px;border-top-color:#abb8c3;width:100%;border-top-style:solid;}.kt-accordion-id49205_2e21a4-ac .kt-accordion-inner-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:10px;}.kt-accordion-id49205_2e21a4-ac .kt-accordion-panel-inner{border-top:0px solid transparent;border-right:0px solid transparent;border-bottom:0px solid transparent;border-left:0px solid transparent;background:#ffffff;padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);}.kt-accordion-id49205_2e21a4-ac > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header{border-top-color:#555555;border-top-style:solid;border-right-color:#555555;border-right-style:solid;border-bottom-color:#555555;border-bottom-style:solid;border-left-color:#555555;border-left-style:solid;border-top-left-radius:6px;border-top-right-radius:6px;border-bottom-right-radius:6px;border-bottom-left-radius:6px;background:#f2f2f2;font-size:18px;line-height:24px;color:#555555;padding-top:14px;padding-right:16px;padding-bottom:14px;padding-left:16px;}.kt-accordion-id49205_2e21a4-ac:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle )  > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id49205_2e21a4-ac:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( 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